Satellites Spot Water From Mississippi River In the Atlantic
Scientists using satellite imagery found that at least 23 percent of the water released from the mouth of the Mississippi River from July through September 2004 traveled quite a distance -- into the Gulf of Mexico, around the Florida Keys, and into the Atlantic Ocean, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced on Sept. 15.
The researchers combined data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites with information collected from ships to study the water discharge, appearing as a dark plume that stretched from the Mississippi Delta, around Florida and up to the Georgia coast. MODIS detects the color of the ocean due to changes in the amount of tiny ocean plants floating on the ocean's surface known as phytoplankton, or algae and other decaying materials.
"This is the first time we have been able to estimate the amount or volume of freshwater discharged and carried over such remote distances. By combining the very detailed data from MODIS with observations from ships, we got a three-dimensional view of the Mississippi plume," said Chuanmin Hu, of the College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Fla., and lead author of the study (http://www.imars.usf.edu/HOME/contacts/CH_Bio.html). By using MODIS data with information on sea surface currents and sea salt levels (salinity), the scientists estimated that about 20 billion tons of Mississippi River water reached the Florida Straits and Gulf Stream off the Georgia coast. This is about four times the volume of Lake Okeechobee, the largest lake in Florida.
The research also shows that such plumes created by the Mississippi River can travel over large distances, more than 1,240 miles (2,000 kilometers).
Beyond studying the causes of such events, researchers are using satellite information with observations from ships and "ocean surface drifters" -- instruments resembling balloons that travel the ocean surface, to get a better idea of how these plumes affect marine life.
"Mississippi River water may have some impact on marine life in remote delicate ecosystems like the Florida Keys. But we are still not clear about the potential impacts of pollutants and pesticides," Hu said. "Not all effects will be bad; in fact, some light dark water events might actually protect bottom ocean dwellers, like coral, by providing them with shade."
The study was published in the July issue of Geophysical Research Letters.
For additional information, contact NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/home/index.html
This article originally appeared in the 09/01/2005 issue of Environmental Protection.