Grass makes environmentally friendly biofuel
Burning grass for energy has been a well-accepted technology in Europe for decades; but not in the United States. Yet burning grass pellets as a biofuel is economical, energy-efficient, environmentally friendly and sustainable, according to a Cornell University forage crop expert.
This alternative fuel easily could be produced and pelleted by farmers and burned in modified stoves built to burn wood pellets or corn, said Jerry Cherney, the E.V. Baker Professor of Agriculture at Cornell. Burning grass pellets hasn't caught on in the United States, however, Cherney said, primarily because Washington has made no effort to support the technology with subsidies or research dollars.
"Burning grass pellets makes sense; after all, it takes 70 days to grow a crop of grass for pellets, but it takes 70 million years to make fossil fuels," said Cherney, who noted that a grass-for-fuel crop could help supplement farmers' incomes. Cherney presented the case for grass biofuel at a U.S. Department of Agriculture-sponsored conference, Greenhouse Gases and Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture and Forestry, held March 21-24 in Baltimore.
"Grass pellets have great potential as a low-tech, small-scale, renewable energy system that can be locally produced, locally processed and locally consumed, while having a positive impact on rural communities," Cherney told the conference.
The downside? "Unfortunately grass has no political lobby, which makes the start up of any new alternative energy industry problematic," said Cherney. He noted that a pellet-fuel industry was successfully established in Europe by providing subsidies to the industry. And even though the ratio of the amount of energy needed to produce grass pellets to the amount of energy they produce is much more favorable than for other biomass crops, the lack of government support prevents the industry from going forward, he said.
Cherney made a comparison of wood pellets with various mixes of grasses and the BTUs (British Thermal Units) produced per pound. He found that grass pellets can be burned without emissions problems, and they have 96 percent of the BTUs of wood pellets. He also noted that grass produces more ash than wood -- meaning more frequent cleaning -- of stoves. Currently, he is testing the burning of pellets made from grasses, such as timothy and orchard grass, as well as weeds, such as goldenrod, in pellet stoves at Cornell's Mt. Pleasant Research Farm. This demonstration project is funded by Cornell's Agricultural Experiment Station.
Cherney pointed out that grass biofuel pellets are much better for the environment because they emit up to 90 percent less greenhouse gases than oil, coal and natural gas do. Furthermore, he said, grass is perennial, does not require fertilization and can be grown on marginal farmland.
"Any mixture of grasses can be used, cut in mid- to late summer, left in the field to leach out minerals, then baled and pelleted. Drying of the hay is not required for pelleting, making the cost of processing less than with wood pelleting," said Cherney. "The bottom line is that pelletized grass has the potential to be a major affordable, unsubsidized fuel source capable of meeting home and small business heating requirements at less cost than all available alternatives."
For more information on Jerry Cherney, visit http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/cherney.html
This article originally appeared in the 04/01/2005 issue of Environmental Protection.