Simplicity is in the Eye of the User
Incorporating plant and operator needs is essential to effective automated control and telemetry system design
- By Troy A. Hertog
- Jul 01, 2007
While the demand
for automation is
on the rise, facility
managers interested
in simplifying
their operations
should ensure that such a system actually will
make work easier.
Automating control and telemetry in water
and wastewater treatment, distribution, and collection
systems adds a level of complexity to
overall system design. Addressing that complexity
on the design end should ensure that an
operator can confidently use the system.
Simplifying the system
Many system designs provide basic operating
information, but they often omit key troubleshooting
diagnostic tools. In general, users
need a control and monitoring system that
not only provides information about the system
it is controlling and monitoring but also
about the control and monitoring equipment
itself. Knowing how to use these tools can
help an operator quickly find and fix a problem
that occurs with the process or with the
equipment controlling the process. This concept
is important in simplifying an automated
control system.
To get the optimal balance of information
for operating and troubleshooting an automated
system, the selected technology or product
should be made for the application. A product
made for a specific application usually is developed
by a manufacturer familiar with the process
and the end-user’s needs.
Application-specific
control and monitoring devices are usually
• easier to operate,
• have built-in status and diagnostic features
for troubleshooting, and
• often cost less than generic devices.
Updating existing systems to include more
information and, if feasible, adding an operator
interface capable of displaying system and
diagnostic information at every site are two
other important measures. Operator interfaces
are an efficient way of presenting a lot of system
data. Having locally available system information,
including site alarm and event histories,
process trends, processor, communication
and I/O status, is key to facilitating troubleshooting.
The local operator display without
the use of specialized equipment, software,
or knowledge is preferred.
Nonapplication-specific operator interface
components still can be used. However, system
designers should carefully identify and build
in required information and diagnostic or troubleshooting
functions that will simplify a system’s
operation.
Easy accessibility to automation indicators,
selector switches, push buttons, and resets are
design considerations that will make the control
panel more user-friendly. Ideally this
equipment should be mounted on the front
of the panel/dead front inner door. Obtaining
the needed system/troubleshooting information
while avoiding exposure to high voltages
increases safety. If possible, new panels
should be constructed with components
mounted to permit easy access and have additional
space for future modifications and
enhancing serviceability.
Reducing failure risk
Several factors will make an automation system
more reliable. Selecting maintenance-free
or low-maintenance technologies made for
the application is one of the best ways to
improve system reliability. This is especially
true of sensor selection. Because sensors convert
a physical change into an electrical signal
to provide vital information, they often are
mounted in harsh environments, where damage
and fouling can occur. The control and
monitoring system depends on the sensor’s
reliable operation.
Personal computers (PCs) used in automation
present another area of concern. As computers,
operating systems and application software
become more powerful, and they are used
more frequently in automation designs. Some
designers try to use a PC as the main controller
or telemetry device as well as the graphical operator
interface and data historian/report generator.
In addition, they will incorporate an alarmdialing
software package on top of the process
applications software.
Despite the fact that these systems cost less
initially, and operating systems and application
software have improved the reliability of the PC
system, it is still not a good idea to use a PC
for control/telemetry functions. PCs used for
automation are less reliable than their dedicated
controller/telemetry unit counterparts.
Computers used for water and wastewater
applications become unreliable due to the high
volume of data accumulated and archived. Hard
drive failures are the most common problem.
A supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) system operated 24/7 is continuously
updating. The updated data frequently are written
to the hard disk, which wears down the hard
drive three to four times faster than if it were
used as a typical office computer.
Another cause of PC failure is the environment
in which it operates. Typically, PCs are
installed at a plant site that has large electrical
loads that turn on and off, causing electronic
spikes and surges. Plants often have high levels
of humidity and other suspended contaminants
that get inside the machine, cause components
to deteriorate, and interfere with the machine’s
ability to cool the electronics. PCs should really
only be used as a window to the process that
is monitored and controlled.
Even really good equipment can perform
poorly if not installed properly. Installation practices
should include having a good electrical
ground and shielding and isolating low-voltage
wires from those carrying high currents. All electronic
protection systems rely on a good grounding
point. Even though the National Electric
Code (NEC) requires 25 ohms or less resistance
to ground, it is a good idea to design a ground
system to 5 ohms or less. By comparison, the
U.S. military requires 1 ohm or less for installations
that use electronics.
It is important to seal all conduits that are
connected to the electrical control panel—
especially conduits that extend into areas that
have high-moisture content or corrosive/explosive
gases. All wire terminations should be
made and fastened tightly to suitable terminal
blocks. (Loose wires cause intermittent problems
and are dangerous.) Poor installation practices
account for more than 90 percent of electronic
equipment failures.
A design with ample spare capacity will make
a system more reliable. Running equipment
with load-carrying devices, such as power supplies,
transformers, relay contacts, and selector switch contacts, at maximum capacity will lead
to excessive heat and eventual premature component
failure. Every current-carrying device
has associated resistance that causes heat when
electrical currents run through the device. Higher
currents bring higher heat and a greater potential
for damage or shortening equipment life.
Motor starter selection can affect system reliability.
Water and wastewater system designs
often call for switching large electrical loads associated
with starting and stopping motors. Smaller
footprints and lower initial costs are making
International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC)-rated components more popular to use
in switching these loads. The tradeoff is that the
IEC rating is not as heavy-duty as the National
Electrical Manufacturers Association
(NEMA)-rated equipment.
Tests have shown
that the extra capacity found in NEMA-rated
components can double and sometimes even
quadruple a motor starter’s life expectancy and
thus make a plant’s system operate more reliably
over a longer life.
Electronics often are installed in locations
subject to temperature and humidity extremes
that are outside of their rated operating environment.
The system design must maintain a
proper environment for the selected equipment’s
operation. High heat and below-freezing temperatures
can cause permanent damage or, at a
minimum, greatly reduce system component
life and reliability. Heaters, sun shields, and ventilation/
air conditioning equipment should be
used in applications where temperature extremes
exist.
Good panel design also should include a
heater for condensation protection in environments
with high humidity. Airborne moisture
that condenses on electronic circuits will cause
electronic shorts and equipment corrosion and
oxidation, shortening the system’s operating life.
Most control systems are designed to monitor
equipment that is controlling the process
(motors and valves) as well as the process itself
(levels, pressures, flow rates, and turbidity levels).
When a problem is detected, an alarm
horn sounds, and the affected equipment or
process is usually shut down until manually
placed into operation.
Eventually, every piece of automation equipment
will fail and disrupt the control and/or
monitoring of a process. The control/telemetry
system can be less reliable without mitigating
the risks of automation failure. The most
common way to mitigate automation failure is
through good sound system design practices.
It is important to determine critical functions
that must be maintained as well as which types
of automation/equipment failure would cause
a disruption. It is equally imperative to evaluate
the user’s risk tolerance for specific types
of failure.
Ideally, the system should be designed
so that in the event of an equipment failure,
operators have a contingency plan that includes
what needs to happen and when, enough information
to troubleshoot the system, an alternative
means of operating the system, and use
of other available sensors to operate the system
in skeleton mode.
Backing up the system
Back-up systems help keep mission-critical functions
operating until the primary system is
repaired. A back-up system should be based on
a different technology, whenever possible. Otherwise,
the back-up system may be susceptible
to the same conditions that damaged the primary
system. For instance, a float switch system
can be used to back up a submersible level transducer
system. If the sensitive electronics of a submersible
level transducer have been damaged
from a voltage surge and fail, the float switch
system will likely survive the surge, continue to
work, and take over basic control.
Where sensing equipment is susceptible to
malfunction under certain conditions, using different
technologies in the system might improve
the system’s overall reliability. As an example, a
submersible level sensor can be used as a backup
to an ultrasonic level sensor. If foaming occurs
in the wet well, the ultrasonic level sensor will
fail, but the submersible sensor will continue to
work. Operators should routinely check backup
system operation to make sure it is still available
in the event of primary system failure.
A
simple switch can be used to disable the primary
system and engage the back-up system. A reset
button will re-engage the primary system.
System reliability can usually be improved,
regardless of a system’s age or design. Operators
can monitor any problem, whether it is in or
out of their control. There are many types of
sensors available for monitoring virtually any
kind of condition. Although incoming power
levels, high turbidity concentrations, or phone
line availability are potential problems that
are outside an operator’s control, they can be
monitored and properly addressed to minimize
an uncontrollable issue. If the problem is controllable,
these items can be monitored and usually
backed up.
Mission-critical functions should be monitored
and include a status indication of operation.
Sometimes components that are designed
to protect other equipment from damage can
themselves be damaged and thus hinder operation
of the very mission-critical equipment they
are protecting. For example, power monitors
are commonly used to protect a motor from
high- and low-voltage and phase problems. If
the power monitor fails and cuts out the motor,
the pump would be prevented from operating
even though power was good. In this case, simply
adding a bypass switch can prevent a
nonessential malfunctioning component from
inhibiting operation, with operators ensuring
the power is still functioning.
Surge suppression is an important design
consideration, especially in environments prone
to frequent high-voltage discharges (lightning).
Equipment often is designed with surge suppression
of the incoming power lines, but as
with most processes, the control panel will have
several other wires that extend into the field.
Each wire can be a pathway for damaging electrical
surges into the panel. This includes sensor
wires, phone lines, control wires, antennas,
and more. It also is important to provide surge
protection on these lines. Ideally, every wire that
enters or leaves the control panel should be protected
against surges.
Note that without good
grounding, a surge protector will not protect
against surges.
Once the system is designed and onsite, it
must be kept serviceable and complete. It is
highly recommended that the end-user have a
secure and easily accessible place to store system
documentation. This will help ensure
wiring diagrams are available, complete, and
accurate. Operators should have documentation
of system summaries, product manuals,
and bills of materials. For software-based products,
operators should ask the supplier to provide
them with a copy of the configured software.
Depending on the critical nature of the
system, a licensed copy of the programming
software may be warranted.
Following these guidelines and considerations
will simplify a plant’s automation system,
providing many years of reliable service.
This article originally appeared in the 07/01/2007 issue of Environmental Protection.
About the Author
Troy A. Hertog is the western regional sales manager for the Control Systems product line at Siemens Water Technologies. Based in Vadnais Heights, Minn., he has been in the water and wastewater process control industry for more than 25 years. Hertog can be reached at (651) 766-2700 ext. 2722.